Negative Effects Of Bullying - 1811 Words

The Detrimental Effects of Bullying In today’s schools, it seems there are always problems arising; one of these problems has become quite an issue and needs serious attention in order for it to be resolved. According to stopbullying.gov, bullying among school-aged children involves a real or perceived power imbalance and aggressive behavior towards other students. Most students will experience, first or second-hand, bullying throughout their time at school. This issue is causing our schools to become increasingly less functional and more dangerous. However, it is becoming more common for bullying to extend past the fences of the playground and affect children even when they are not at school. Bullying not only affects the school’s†¦show more content†¦Bullying is found to be directly linked with certain mental illnesses and damages, such as depression and suicide. Children who are bullied--whether it is face-to-face bullying or cyberbullying--are more likely to have problems such as low self-est eem, sadness, irritability, and bad sleeping or eating habits. Problems such as these can be used to diagnose a child with depression. In an article from nobullying.com, it is stated that both bullies and children who are bullied tend to be depressed (â€Å"The Link Between†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Previously mentioned, Dr. Andre Sourander show that these problems may persist into adulthood. Even though bullying does not always take place at school, it can affect a student’s performance academically. Students who are bullied have the tendency to focus on things other than schoolwork and their grades. This causes lower GPA’s, a higher rate of dropouts, and lower attendance rates. A UCLA study found that a one-point increase on the four-point bullying scale was associated with a 1.5-point decrease in GPA for one specific subject (Wolpert). This substantial drop in GPA can be drawn back to the effects of bullying. It is hard for children to focus on the things they are supposed to focus on at school when they are too worried about being constantly picked on or having nasty rumors spread about them. These are just a couple examples of forms of bullying. Other than grade point average, bullying also affects test scores. The Virginia High School SafetyShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Bullying1188 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying is a serious issue in today’s society. It can affect the well-being of the offender, bystander, and target. It can happen almost anywhere and anytime in privacy, in schools, at places of employment, and even in neighborhoods. Bullying can be classified as being physical, emotional, verbal or social which known as cyber bullying. There are various types of bullying experienced in schools among the students like: teasing, taunting, threatening, hitting, spitting, and embarrassing othersRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying1424 Words   |  6 PagesBullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance (â€Å"Stop Bullying† 2012). The behavior is repetitive or has the potential to be repetitive over time. Bullying occurs all over the world, all ages, and within both gender. The adolescent stage is a confusing time and when physical, verbal, social and cyberbullying into the mix, it can damage a person. Bullying does major harm to the victim, as well as the bully. Bullying has existedRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying1232 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying is a continuing problem that has affected individuals from their childhood and continuing well into adulthood. Consequences of bullying are vast in their potential to negatively impact the person s physical, emotional, and psychological state of well being. The poor management of stress brought by the onset of bullying affects social health both short term and long term foreshadowing numerous potential risk factors and actions. Prevalent issues in victims include higher chances of mentalRead MoreNegative Effects Of School Bullying1855 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction School bullying continues to be a prevalent problem found in elementary, middle and high schools across the United States and internationally (Slee Mohyla, 2014). Everyday educators are faced with the problem of trying to determine why students bully and what they can do to prevent or dramatically reduce the behavior. Previous research has provided much needed insight into the issue, but as we move forward the nature of bullying is constantly changing. Bullying comes in many formsRead MoreEssay on Bullying and Its Negative Effects2940 Words   |  12 Pagesare abused by their parents, peers or even by complete strangers. One of these types of abuse is bullying. At a first glance, we might think that it is an older kid beating/teasing a younger classmate however; bullying consists of much more than this. The basic definition of bullying is when your behavior hurts or harms another person physically or emotionally. There are many different types of bullying, which may lead to a vict im becoming violent later on. There is teasing and name calling, thereRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Bullying Effects Child Development959 Words   |  4 Pageshappens when our surroundings create a negative living environment and inflict the most pain? Children are faced with many different obstacles throughout their early development. One main obstacle that can change a child’s perspective on life is being a victim of bullying. Bullying can be defined as unwanted repetitive actions that inflict pain onto others. Millions of children each year are effected by bullying. According to Smokowski and Kopasz, â€Å"Bullying can be considered the most prevalent formRead MoreNegative Effects Of Cyber Bullying1528 Words   |  7 PagesWe all know that bullying in any form is horrible for the victims, so why does it happen? Some thoughts on this, are that the bullies are being harmed in some way or have low self-esteem themselves and that they cope by being mean to others to ma ke themselves feel better. Then other ways it may just for them to feel powerful, and to look cool around the other kids. The bullies may not even understand the harm they are inflicting. (Understanding Cyberbullying: Why It Happens and How To Prevent ItRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying Essay928 Words   |  4 Pages What are the effects of bullying on international students- A literature review Introduction Bullying has been a great problem in every workplace over several years (Bauman, Rigby Hoppa, 2008; Smith Brain, 2000; Olweus, 1994). Researchers have shown interest in this topic consistently (Policy, 2014; Sampson, 2009; Einarsen, Hoel Cooper, 2003). This literature review will cover the various definitions of bullying, bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace and school, various possible outcomesRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying On Children837 Words   |  4 Pages12/20/17 Megan Castles The Effects of Bullying in Children Bullying has become more of an issue that is threatening our younger generation today. Bullying is becoming more of a vicious act in public schools throughout the United States (Coloroso, 2003; Felix McMahon, 2006). There are many adverse effects that are caused by this disgraceful act. The average school-age child is silently or overtly tormented on a daily basis. Many of these students who experience bullying feel that they have no oneRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pages Effects of Bullying In the 2014-2015 school years, 292,400 students reported being bullied out of a total of 763,000 students (Student Reports of Bullying: results From the 2015 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, National Center for Education statistics(NCES)). Bullying does not affect only children in school, but can also happen to adults. Bullying has an immense effect on people of all ages. Whether it is an adolescent at school, or an adult in their workplace

The Theory Of Ethical Leadership - 929 Words

Explanation of Ethical Leadership The research of Thomas W. H. Ng and Daniel C. Feldman provides quantitative data, which validates the effectiveness of Ethical Leadership through the meta-analysis of 101 ethical leadership related studies conducted over the last 15 years. Somewhat in nascent form, Ethical Leadership (Ng Feldman, 2015) is viewed as conduct predicated on exhibiting positive role mode actions while promoting moral member conduct through collaboration, communication, and reinforcing behavior (Ng Feldman, 2015). Leaders who employ EL are considered to weigh their ethical values significantly during their transactions with assigned team members. Furthermore, EL also suggests there is a correlation between how well a leader assess their own values and beliefs prior to exercising referent and reward power behavior. Connection to Social Learning Theory The genesis of EL precepts may have a cultural basis in either Eastern or Western philosophy. In terms of theoretical impact, it may be impossible to determine which hemisphere has a majority stake exactly. This may be due to the cultural differences in identification of self within the context of popular religions such as Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judeo-Christian beliefs (Ng Feldman, 2015). Regardless, the majority of those leaders who demonstrated EL generally exhibited a psychological motivation to be just. This need may have a basis in social learning theory and even social exchangeShow MoreRelatedEthical Theories Of Ethical Leadership1209 Words   |  5 PagesDisadvantages of ethical leadership Despite the positive elements ethical leadership can provide to an organisation, it arguable can cause issues as well. Ethical leadership requires the leader’s ethical framework to fall in line with the vision of the organisation. But it’s not just the leader and the organisation that need to be aligned, the subordinates can find it difficult working in an environment with certain ethical standards. You should be aware by now that ethical behaviour depends onRead MoreThe Ethical Theories Of Leadership Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pages Leadership is not a one size fits all type of thing. Each person has his or her own style of leadership that develops over time. Even though there are many different style of leadership, one thing that most leaders have in common are there values. All leaders want the best for those that they lead, and they want successfully accomplish the task that they are given. In the military, a leader’s ethics are what guide them in day-to-day life and sometimes life or death situations. That is why it isRead MoreEthics And Morality Are The Same Thing812 Words   |  4 Pagespeople often think ethics and morality are the same thing. But in order to understand ethical leadership, it can be beneficial to view these two concepts differently. One of the most important ethical philosophers of modern times has been John Rawls, who made a clear distinction between comprehensive moral systems and less comprehensive systems. The distinction can help better understand the idea of ethical leadership. To Rawls, the two differ in the following manner: †¢ Comprehensive moral systems coverRead MoreThe Chicago School Of Professional Psychology Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Luis A. Santiago-Gaetan The Chicago School of Professional Psychology Brief Introduction This paper contains a brief annotated bibliography of research articles selected on the specific research topic of the perceived institutional ethical behavior of US-based multinational corporations and its relationship with organizational longevity. Following the five peer-reviewed qualitative research articles. APA Annotation Aleksic, A. (2013). How Organizations Achieve Longevity: The Role ofRead MoreLeadership Ethics : Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi And Jack Welch933 Words   |  4 Pagesthat there is no single formula for leadership, and it will be best understood from multiple perspectives (Shriberg and Shriberg, 2011). We also accept the fact that every leader leads differently. Our team has chosen three exemplary leaders of all time – Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi and Jack Welch. Each one of them has exhibited a great amount of leadership skills and up to this day are used as examples in our current globalised economics. Their leadership has shaped countries and their influenceRead MorePerceived Institutional Ethical Behavior Of Us Based Multinational Corporations And Its Relationship With Organizational Longevity Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesBrief Introduction This paper contains a brief annotated bibliography of research articles selected on the specific research topic of the perceived institutional ethical behavior of US-based multinational corporations and its relationship with organizational longevity. Following the five peer-reviewed qualitative research articles. APA Annotation Aleksic, A. (2013). How Organizations Achieve Longevity: The Role of Change Management in Building Their Sustainability. International journal of the academyRead MoreThe Ethics Of A Leader1604 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is a partnership between two or more people, so it is necessary to design a guideline that allows a leader to create an ethical organization. Even though leadership is impossible without followers, a person must first transform their own ethical theory into a process before they can teach or require ethical behavior from others. Leaders must incorporate their ethical beliefs and decision making template into everyday life. The personal ethics of a leader will cast a light on organizationsRead MoreRobert Nardelli s Leadership Style1338 Words   |  6 Pageshis departure from the company. Nardelli had an interesting leadership style that bordered on the edge of being considered unethical and was considered by many as not being beneficial for the company overall. By evaluating Robert Nardelli’s leadership style against known leadership theories such as trait, behavioral, situational and contingency theories it is easy to dissect his leadership style and make a final decision as to how ethical he was as a leader. Robert Nardelli took over as CEO of HomeRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Leadership1208 Words   |  5 Pagestied to my philosophy of leadership. I reside in the first category of people, those that operate in a moral philosophy that has not been specifically identified, but is strongly tied to my faith. This paper will allow me to express my own personal and leadership philosophy. My personal philosophy has been molded and developed by my upbringing, faith and experiences in my life. A nature and nurture process co-exists to develop one’s guidelines in life and in leadership. We take experiences andRead MoreThe Ethics of Leadership1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethics of Leadership David Draper Ashford University BUS 610- Organizational Behavior Dr. Gary Shelton March 18, 2013 ABSTRACT The paper explores the leadership of Robert Nardelli at home depot during the years of 2000 through 2006. The paper focuses on his methods and actions in the context of leadership theory in an effort to define his specific leadership style. Once defined the paper examines his methods and actions to determine if they were ethical or unethical. Nardelli’s

The Effects Of Ocean On The Ocean - 1220 Words

The Ocean is a lot of water, which covers most of the earth. The oceans are located all around us, it’s broken into four sections, even though there are four sections the water is one continuous body of water. Water has three properties liquid, gas, and solid. Oceans have been around a very long time, so the salts were added to the water at a time when gases and lava were spewing from increased volcanic activity. Carbon dioxide dissolved in the water from the atmosphere this forms weak carbonic acid which dissolves minerals. When the minerals dissolve, ions are formed; this is why the water is salty. The Ocean has many characteristics’ the motion/currents, the depth, there are some parts that are so black because it’s do far down. The temperature is another; depending on where you are the ocean could be ice covered or really warm. Another characteristic is the zones, which are split up into four zones: Sunlight, Twilight, Midnight and Deep Sea Trench Zone. Ocean water is different from lake water because the ocean water is salty and lake water isn’t. The water in the lakes seems to be dirty compared to the ocean water, which looks blue and clear at times. Lakes get water from rivers and streams. The Ocean floor has some pretty cool physical features, like mountains, canyons, cliffs, and wide plains. The crust of the ocean is a thin layer of volcanic rock called basalt. The floor has several different parts the continental shelf, the flat, underwater extension of theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Ocean On The Ocean Essay1751 Words   |  8 Pagessights that the ocean puts on for visitors is nothing short of spectacular, and underwater destinations all around the globe feature these sights. Reefs have become a popular tourist attraction all around the world because of the beautiful colors and the unique marine life that inhabits these reefs. However, these wonderful attractions are in peril and will remain so unless current trends cha nge. The greenhouse gases humans release into the air are trapping heat and causing the ocean temperatures toRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean On The Ocean1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ocean is a lot of water, which covers most of the earth. The oceans are located all around us, it’s broken into four sections, even though there are four sections the water is one continuous body of water. Water has three properties liquid, gas, and solid. Oceans have been around a very long time, so the salts were added to the water at a time when gases and lava were spewing from increased volcanic activity. Carbon dioxide dissolved in the water from the atmosphere this forms weak carbonic acidRead MoreOcean Acidification And Its Effect On The Oceans1727 Words   |  7 Pagesto late twentieth century and the twenty first century have been devastating to the world’s oceans in terms of pollution, overfishing, ice caps melting, destruction of habitat, and increasing amounts carbon dioxide b eing dissolved into the water. These are only a few of the seemingly endless problems humans have introduced to the oceans. Things like the ice caps melting affect how basic aspects of the oceans function. Pollution and destruction of habitat affect nearly every species of marine organismRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Ocean1204 Words   |  5 PagesSome think of the ocean as a place of peace, or a getaway from our busy lives. Others think of it as where two worlds, aquatic and terrestrial, collide. No matter what you think of the ocean, it has sustained us for as long as we could possibly remember, and provided us with life. The ocean has provided everything we need to survive, and to repay it, we decided to destroy it. We have become monsters, demolishing what matters to us most. Over the past few decades, the amount of ocean pollution has rapidlyRead MoreOcean Acidification And Its Effect On The Ocean1599 Words   |  7 Pages Ocean acidification The world we live in is so vast and exciting. Seventy percent of our world is liquid water we call the ocean. In the ocean there are many creatures that each are unique in their own way. However, it is possible that in our lifetime, many marine organisms will become endangered or possibly extinct. The loss of these mejestic marine creatures will be caused mainly because of human advancements in which fossil fuels are used to produce energy. Biodiversity is greatly affected byRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Ocean1986 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Oceans cover approximately 75% of Earth s surface and are vital to this planet and the people who inhabit it. Oceans provide food, natural resources, and recreation for nearly everyone in this world. Unfortunately Oceans have been receiving mass amount of pollutants including oil spills, toxic waste dumping, and industrial dumping. These pollutants will have negative impacts on the wildlife in the ocean, as we are seeing already with the Coral Reefs, and soon enough it will beginRead MoreOcean Pollution And Its Effects On The Ocean1348 Words   |  6 PagesOcean Pollution. Can you predict the outcome of food or medicine resources if ocean pollution is not prevented or minimized? Throughout this research paper the different categories of pollution will be explained more in depth. Also there will be ideas or things we can all do to minimize ocean pollution and stop causing so much stress to the ocean’s ecosystem. It will also specify the importance of minimizing pollution in the ocean and how much damage it can cause. The ocean s ecosystem is underRead MoreThe Oceans And Its Effects On The World s Oceans2236 Words   |  9 PagesOver 70% of the Earth as we know it, is made up of five oceans ranging in depth from 12,000 feet all the way to the deepest trenches at 36,000 feet. Being so vast, there is a lot that we do not know about the world’s oceans, or how the species that live in it came to be. Our oceans provide some of the most extreme living conditions that a species can encounter in its life. But surprisingly, several species can surv ive and thrive in these extreme environments due to adaptations throughout the decadesRead MoreEffects of Ocean Pollution568 Words   |  2 PagesOur oceans take a large beating every day by the extremely large amount of pollution humans produce. We easily dump our waste into the oceans to dispose of our problem, but this small and simple solution is creating an even bigger problem. The way humans dispose of their wastes is causing the death of our beloved marine life. Not only are we killing off our animals, our food source, and our resources, we are also minimizing our usable water. Pollution comes in many forms. In the ocean we dumpRead MoreThe Effects Of Plastic On The Ocean2050 Words   |  9 PagesPlastic in the ocean A large number of marine species are known to be harmed and/or killed by plastic debris, which jeopardize their survival, since many are already endangered by other forms of anthropogenic activities. Marine animals are affected through entanglement in and ingestion of plastic litter (Marine Debris). Less conspicuous forms, such as plastic pellets and â€Å"scrubbers† are also hazardous. To address the problem of plastic debris in the oceans is a difficult task, and a variety of approaches

The Business, Government and Society Relationship of PG

CATALOG ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 3 PURPOSE 5 1. The Stakeholder Model Theory 6 2. PG’s Stakeholder Model 8 2.1 Sustainable Development psychology 8 2.2 Economic Development 9 2.3 Environmental Protection 10 2.4 Government Relationship 10 2.5 Caring for Community 11 2.6 Consumer 11 2.7 Business Partner 12 2.8 Employee 12 2.9 Industry Associations 12 2.10 NGOs 13 2.11 News Media 13 3. Summary and Conclusion 14 REFERENCES 15 THE BUSINESS, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY RELATIONSHIP OF PG ABSTRACT Stakeholder model is important for a successful company that pursues sustainable development. Most of the companies do not know how to implement the stakeholder model even though they have described the different aspects of the stakeholder model.†¦show more content†¦1. The Stakeholder Model Theory The stakeholder model was researched broadly in these years due to the importance of the decisions taken by the firm for different stakeholder groups (E. Jansson, 2005). Stakeholder is an entity that is benefited or burdened by the actions of a corporation or whose actions may benefit or burden the corporation (Steiner/Steiner, 1985). Clarkson (1995) distinguishes between primary and secondary stakeholders. The primary stakeholders include stockholders, customers, employees, communities and governments. The secondary stakeholders include earth’s biosphere, religious groups, political parties, unions, creditors, political interest groups, trade associations, suppliers, competitors, media, educational institutions, future generations and the poor. Managers do not find it difficult to understand the concepts and models of stakeholder management. (Clarkson, Max B E, 1995) Stakeholder management is increasingly a key factor for improving business performance (Rienk Goodijk, 2003). Managers can no longer be held responsible for maximizing returns to shareholders at the expense of other primary stakeholder groups. (Clarkson, Max B E, 1995) Sillanpa (1998) found that companies which delegated more to their employees provided better service to customers, faster innovation and faster reactions to changes, increased productivity and competitiveness. Many companies have tried to apply theShow MoreRelatedComparing Brazilian Business Culture with German Business Culture1632 Words   |  7 Pagescomparing parts of the Brazilian business culture with German business culture, the idea of culture itself must be defined. After that, their business relationships can be scrutinized by using the technique of critical incidents. In 1871, the anthropologist Edward B. Taylor was one of the first to define culture as â€Å"That complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.â€Å" (Kartha, 2012) A newerRead MoreThe Celestial Empire Of China And The Tributary System Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesEmpire of China and epitomized in the Tributary System. The Chinese perspective couldn t fit into the equivalent universal relationship affirmed among European nations. In the mid-nineteenth century, particularly after the Opium Wars, worldwide law set out on an enraged impact with Chinese customary Confucianism. Debilitated by powers of Western powers, the Qing government had no real option except to come to trade off with the Western forces. Hence, the Confucian world request taking into accountRead MoreEssay on business society and policy1650 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Business, society and government are placed in different situations depending on what the conflict may be. According to the case â€Å"Dickinson’s needle sticks†, all three different sectors were placed in a different position where society was seen to have no voice or empowerment. The society in this case were the nurses, patients and any health care workers using Dickinson’s needles. These sectors solved their conflicts through interacting with each other and finalise a resolution through many negativeRead MoreCOMM 3312269 Words   |  5 PagesValue and identity, and theoretical issues and are instances of the theoretical principles which the society and corporations should consider as the key to success. These theories will be illustrated and applied to Bittman’s article, â€Å"Good government puts people over business (2015). 2.0 Key Issues in the Article As stated by Bittman (2015), the political economy has underlined what the government found complicated in making decision upon agriculture and economics matters where they are complex softRead MoreCulture of Proctor and Gamble7686 Words   |  31 PagesOur Values and Policies 2 PG Our Values and Policies PG Our Values and Policies 1 Table of Contents Introduction Letter from the CEO Hierarchy of Company Ethics Principles Our Purpose Our Values Our Principles Our Policies A. Respect of Government and the Law 1. Compliance With Legal Requirements 2. Accuracy of Company Books and Records †¢ Books and Records †¢ Disclosure Controls †¢ Internal Controls 3. Securities Trading 4. Antitrust Policy and Compliance Guidelines 5. Lobbying 6. PoliticalRead MoreTerrorism Is Very Real For Mnes Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagespermeates everyday society, and the intensifying impact of terrorism on international business is a global phenomenon with implications for both theory and practice. The research question addressed by this exploratory study is how international businesses apply past terrorism exposure and experience from operating in risky locations to create organizational preparedness and performance resilience to absorb and endure future terrorist attacks. This paper contributes to the international business literatureRead MoreKey Elements of Corporate Social Responsibility of Companies Operating in Global Markets891 Words   |  4 Pagesexisting between and among stakeholders. (Kytle and Ruggie , 2005, p.2) The global operating environment is characterized by (1) governments who hold primary roles as enforcers and providers, in preserving order and in the representation of citizens; (2) Corporations or Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) that hold primary roles of innovators, deliverers of value to shareholders, and provision of customer support; and (3) Civil Society with the primary roles of watchdogs, protecting the rights of peopleRead MoreIdndividual vs State1320 Words   |  6 Pagescontrol in present liberal democracies is necessary to ensure the survival of the state. Whilst some may believe that the individual should remain the main priority, a liberal society increases inequality and widens the class gap which continues to suppress the poor. If the focus is primarily on the individual then, overall, society may suffer more than if it were state-driven. The individual versus the state has been long disputed within many fields in academia. From psychology to sociology and literatureRead MoreTerrorism And International Business Research1130 Words   |  5 PagesSadly, terrorism permeates everyday society, and the intensifying impact of terrorism on international business is a global phenomenon with heightening implications for both theory and practice. This research paper is a novel exploratory study of how international businesses apply past terrorism exposure and experience from operating in risky locations to create organizational preparedness and performance resilience to endure future terrorist attacks. The unique firm level research provides a theoreticalRead MoreCulture of Proctor and Gamble7701 Words   |  31 PagesOur Values and Policies 2 PG Our Values and Policies PG Our Values and Policies 1 Table of Contents Introduction Letter from the CEO Hierarchy of Company Ethics Principles Our Purpose Our Values Our Principles Our Policies A. Respect of Government and the Law 1. Compliance With Legal Requirements 2. Accuracy of Company Books and Records †¢ Books and Records †¢ Disclosure Controls †¢ Internal Controls 3. Securities Trading 4. Antitrust Policy and Compliance Guidelines 5. Lobbying

Using The Science Of Life As A Weapon Essay Summary Example For Students

Using The Science Of Life As A Weapon Essay Summary I Introduction1) Definition of Biological Warfare2) Talking PointsII Biological Weapons1) Different Types Used2) ApplicationsIII History of Biological Warfare1) How It Has Been Used in Past Wars2) How We Can Expect It to Be Used in the FutureIV Are We At Risk of Being Attacked With Biological Weapons?1) Defending Ourselves Against Biological WeaponsV ConclusionNuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) warfare is one of the most dreaded forms of attack on the battlefield. In the last century, we learned a great deal about how life works, how it is organized. We have used that technology to save many lives by curing diseases and vaccinating against viruses. But it seems that whenever we have a breakthrough in science, there is an ever-present danger of a form of weapon resulting from the discovery. Biological Warfare is defined as bacteria, viruses, fungi or rickettsia, which are used in wartime to cause disease or death in people (Hay, 1984). It seems like a contradiction. Doctors work hard to find cures and vaccinations for the various diseases and viruses that plague our population. On the other side of the coin, however, there are people that would use disease as a weapon. They not only use the sort of disease that nature provides, but try to create more effective and horrific manmade diseases. Biological weapons, as opposed to chemical weapons, are effective with a relatively small quantity of agent. However, most of these agents have a limited shelf life, as their activity is continually declining (Hay, 1984). Most biological agents are dispersed in aerosol form. They can be sprayed from a small cylinder with compressed air, spread by guided missiles, dispersed as a powder from aircraft, or used in a cluster of bombs. The danger is the potential for these biological agents, if successful in infecting a population, can be spread quickly. The U.S. Navy tested the effectiveness of Biological weapons on a metropolis in November of 1950. They released harmless bacteria off the California coast, sufficient to contaminate 117 square miles of the San Francisco Bay area. Scientists reported that nearly all of the 800,000 inhabitants of the city had inhaled the bacteria (Hay, 1984). To cause an epidemic, an enemy would select a highly contagious virus or bacteria. They would decide whether to use an extremely lethal agent or one that would temporarily incapacitate a population or army to weaken defenses. Most biological weapons are influenza viruses or pneumonic plague bacillus. These meet the requirement of being highly contagious by human contact. As an example, an estimated 20 million people died in the great influenza pandemic of 1918 and 1919 – just three percent of those infected. Surprisingly, then, this great loss of life actually represents a low mortality rate (Solomon, 1999). For incapacitating the target, brucellosis is preferred. This is a chronic infection caused by the Brucella species of bacteria. A person can be infected by skin contact, by eating or drinking infected material, or by inhaling the organism. This is also an agent that can be produced easily in fermenters. Symptoms vary, but common are a severe chill, a recurring fever, sweating, headache, loss of appetite, extreme exhaustion, aching joints and depression. The symptoms last upwards of four weeks, but relapses can continue for years (Hay, 1984). The most well known form of brucellosis is anthrax. Aggressors favor this primarily because it is lethal and relatively easy to manufacture. Anthrax is caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis, and is spread by skin contact, contact with infected animals, or by inhaling or ingesting the agent. The mortality rate is highest when infected by inhalation, at eighty per cent of untreated cases. The danger of anthrax is long term as well. Forty years after being tested on Gruinard, the island is still contaminated with the bacterium (Solomon, 1999). .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 , .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 .postImageUrl , .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 , .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92:hover , .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92:visited , .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92:active { border:0!important; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92:active , .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92 .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d17bca81b8b70f26800316f177d8b92:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies EssayAlthough the danger of biological weapons increases as technology progresses, it is not a new threat. One of the earliest reported uses was in the sixth century B.C., when the Assyrians poisoned their enemy’s wells with a fungus disease called rye ergot. The commander of British forces in America, Jeffrey Amherst, used biological warfare on the Ottawa Indians. He sent two wagons of blankets from the smallpox hospital to

Cultural Imperialism free essay sample

With the vast advancement of technology today, the world has become progressively interconnected. Together with the rise in connection and communication, countries’ borders are also increasingly unclear as cultures cross borders and people adopt new ways of life styles and new manners of thinking. Most Asian societies for example, view the world from the eyes of the Americans or western culture and hence, they tend to adopt a foreign lifestyle in their apparel choices, the way they converse, even the type of food and eating etiquettes. Cultural Imperialism Over the past few decades, the vast improvements in technology have enabled efficient communication of information across the globe. Businesses in the best of nations have risen increasingly in scale and value. This, in turn, helps a handful of powerful nations exert influence over the world. Not only these few nations dominate the majority’s media consumption, they also consequently transmit their values and ideologies through these media channels. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Imperialism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This process of dominating and influencing the mass through the media texts is known as cultural imperialism, which is the main component of capitalism and hence promoted by developed nations across the continents. Cultural Imperialism through Television A high percentage of Americans are couch potatoes and are typically glued to their television sets. According to a report in the Wall Street Journal, in 2012, Americans watch two hours and 50 minutes of television a day. AC Nielsen Co. household survey in 2013, found that an average American household had 2. 24 TV sets and more than 65% of households had three TV sets or more. Singapore’s households have very similar statistics to the Americans and with the low cost of TV sets; they too have multiple sets in their homes. Having multiple TV sets is the norm in a modern affluent society like Singapore and America and TV networks have been feeding the viewer’s appetite for TV series. One such TV series was Sex and The City which was produced by HBO from 1998 until 2004. The series was so popular that it spawned two feature movies, Sex and the City (2008) and its sequel, Sex and The City 2 (2010). The series was filmed in New York City and follows the life style of four women who were close friends, with three of the women in their mid-thirties and one in her forties. It starred Sarah Jessica Parker (as Carrie Bradshaw), Kim Cattrall (as Samantha Jones), Kristin Davis (as Charlotte York), and Cynthia Nixon (as Miranda Hobbes). Television Series Sex and the City This funny and quirky series explored relevant and modern American social issues such as safe sex, promiscuity, female sexuality and femininity. In Singapore, these issues that are still taboo subjects in modern Asian cultures particularly, in Singapore where pornography is illegal. In the series, the fashionably dressed Sarah Jessica Parker playing her character, Carrie, set the trendy scene for the fashion conscious. Brand named labels were clamoring to have Carrie wear their clothing in the show. The series gave the impression that New Yorkers were trendy people and are always well dressed. In almost every episode, the subject of sex and the performance of their partners came up and this certainly pulled in the attention of the audience but promoted promiscuity. Kim Cattrall as Samantha played the female version of the Casanova with her flitting from one man to another in search of sexual gratification. Having multiple sexual partners was their norm for Samantha and her partners were treated as her personal sexual device to be used and thrown away. Kristin Davis as Charlotte was the conservative character on the screen and the character even showed her exploration of lesbianism albeit a short one. Gay relationships are still an unthinkable option in the Asian Singaporean society and stories such as this may encourage more young people to explore homo-sexual relationships. In one of the episodes, Charlotte meets another woman who has a completely opposite personality and together, they explore cross dressing. Women become men and they both explore a lesbian relationship. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly The series glamorizes sex without emphasizing on its downsides such as pregnancy, HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Teenagers, who watched series such as Sex and The City, are easily swayed by the negative values that go against the ‘Confucian’ values that are encouraged by the Singapore government. The sexual content will easily turn on the teenager’s hot blooded sexual needs to explore various avenues for sexual exploration without understanding the consequences of their actions. What kind of values are popular TV series such Sex and The City teaching young and naive women around the world that, even a whoring bimbo, if they are patient and wait it out, they’ll eventually get that big house with the garden and the luxury car out on the porch. On the positive note, American series do give the conservative Asian audience a taste of America’s freedom of speech as well as the directness of their conversation when dealing with difficult issues both personal and at work. The women’s rights are extensively explored and emphasized. Cultural Imperialism through Movies This is no mystery as United States has a tremendous international influence to the world. The American lifestyle is well presented in the works of arts which attracts the admiration of many other societies. In addition, what people like becomes the drive to the values and ideologies of the Americans. Similar to the field in TV programmes, other fields such as music and movies imitate the way and as a result, there is a cultural domination followed by an unequal exchange of cultures. The United States’ cultural imperialism is apparent through the media and over the years, the media have facilitated America’s cultural spread. Their cultural dominance is apparent predominantly through fashion, music, television programs and especially movies. Known to be the largest film industry in the world, American movies were played in over 100 countries every day. These movies are often remade with local flavor, but the more people watch American films, the more they try to emulate the norms they observed. The Birth of Ethnocentrism Having said that, most Americans have a growing sense of ethnocentrism due to cultural imperialism as they judge other cultures based on the norms of his or her own society. The problem with that is that many Americans don’t try to understand other cultures before labeling their norms as strange, bizarre, or even barbaric. The idea is that Americans have grown used to being emulated, that there is sense of cultural superiority rather than respect and intrigue for others. This leads to a general misunderstanding of others and stereotypes that place a whole people into one square. One of the main issues with cultural imperialism is whether individuals from the dominant culture actually accept other people’s cultures or do they become culturally exclusive. About 2% of the movies that come out in American theaters these days are foreign which proves that people are less likely to watch foreign films. In the 1920? s and 30? s, people were more likely to watch foreign films. As the U. S’s cultural imperialism expanded, people simply became less interested in foreign media. The Cause Effect of Imperialism in Movies Indubitably, language, lifestyle, value and ideology would be affected from over exposed of Hollywood movies. The most possible effect would generally be language. When movies are made in English and watched worldwide, they gained popularity and this attracts the audience to imitate the English speaking behavior, the American slang. The best way to learn about another culture would be through their language which would create mutual understanding between the two. However, the more people are exposed to western movies; it is most likely for them to lose their own identity and culture. They would begin to adopt American lifestyles from the way they behave, dressed and even how they express their feelings according to the movies they have been exposed to. Value and ideology would be affected as well. This could be seen from most western movies that freedom seemed to be the main ideology of America. Freedom must be granted and to fight was to gain freedom. This however has made many of their audiences believed that freedom could bring peace and they require more freedom in their life. Disney – Imperialism through Mass Media Perhaps this connection to cultural imperialism is remotely broad predicated, however the argument one can debate on is that these commodities bring with them Western imperialistic thought and perception, by subliminal brainwashing of children from a very adolescent age to be hooked on to Disney cartoons and cartoon characters. The political-economy perspective argues that the homogenisation of culture and communication through cultural imperialism leads to shared values and ideologies. In addition to which reflects a particular ideology on being a social phenomenon of American media, fashion, and food dominating the global market and shaping the cultures and identities of other nations. The Hollywood star system was created as a business strategy designed to generate large audiences and differentiate entertainment programs and products, and has been used for many years to provide increasing revenue on production investments. The Walt Disney Company Disney is the quintessence of cultural imperialism. Ever since the first appearance of Mickey Mouse in 1928, Disney films have taken a lion’s share in family entertainment in America, its characters have been eventually known and well-liked worldwide. Inevitably, Disney animated films, movies and characters have become an integral part of children culture. Besides generating profits from the sales of Disney films, Disney products have become a cultural commodity. The term cultural commodity refers to products of the print and audio-visual industries including movies, television, publishing, radio and music. These products are conveyances for the transmission of values, lifestyles and ideologies that many optically discern as corrosive to the recipient culture. An example is Disney princess line and its impact on girl’s self-concepts and body image. With the popularization of American culture through media conglomerates such as Disney, questions have been raised as to what effects these cultural commodities, or America by and large, are having on the values of societies and, in turn, on the realm of politics. The Effects of Disney Propaganda During World War II, Disney generated what could arguably be the most effective war time propaganda. In an effort to get support from the Americans, who had been growing up with Disney, for the government bond purchases, Disney was asked to create a cartoon series to put the US Army in the limelight. Disney’s On the Front Line was then produced to portray popular Disney characters, including Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, joining the armed forces in a manner that was appealing to the viewers. The highlights of this series were two episodes that proved to be essential to the American war efforts. Walt Disney also went further to expose Adolf Hitler’s actions to the world with a short cartoon episode titled Der Fuehrer’s Face. The cartoon was a sequence of the average German’s life routines experienced from Donald Duck’s point of view. Donald was shown facing daily challenges working in a munitions factory under Nazi regime, some of which include being forced to salute Hitler numerous times in a day, and having to work overtime to â€Å"please the Furor†. Essentially, the cartoon aimed to satirize the constrained political freedom under Hitler’s regime. The cartoon ends with Donald waking from his dream and remembering how fortunate he was to have such a wealth of privileges living in America. Disney as a Megacorporation Under the tutelage of Disney and other mega corporations, children have become an audience captive not only to traditional forms of media such as film, television and print, but even more so to the incipient digital media made easily accessible through mobile phones, tablets, laptop computers and the Internet. As the Disney Empire has a strong business foresight for providing â€Å"dreams† and manufacturing products through the form of popular culture in which children are willing to materially and emotionally invest. Being an indispensable part of children’s culture places Disney at the forefront of the multimedia conglomerates. Besides aggressively marketing its own products, Disney is also believed to be an active medium of advocacy for Apple technological products. Often seen in popular Disney TV franchises such as High School Musical (2006), Hannah Montana (2006) and the Jonas Brothers (2005) are technological gadgets bearing the familiar Apple logo. Not surprisingly, the late Apple’s Chief Executive Officer and founder Steve Jobs has been said to be one of the major shareholders in Disney Co. and Pixar Studios, thus explaining the frequent appearance of Apple products in Disney movies. By targeting children whose minds are more impressionable than adults, Apple has been successful in exerting its dominance in the technological world through Disney, illustrating another aspect of cultural imperialism in the 21st century. Conclusion It is clear that the American culture plays a significant role in the imperialistic transfer of their culture to the world. At a subconscious level, the western lifestyle has affected the Asian traditional social structure and social consumption. As a result, our culture is superseded by the American way of life and their reach, have proved to be beneficial to the American multinational companies. In a way, even though cultural imperialism is creating a connection among all the nations, it is also causing tension among different people. Despite the cultural diversity in the U. S. A. , there are many people who don’t strive to understand other who are culturally dissimilar. Hopefully in this current generation, which is considerably to be more open minded, they will be more inclined to travel and learn about the different ways people live today.

Project Management for Personal Learning Portfolio- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Management for Personal Learning Portfolio. Answer: Mike Fritz, the director of program/project management at Megatronic has adopted a different approach in defining the concepts of programs and projects for the organization. The approach is totally different from the conventional approach that is used for defining the two concepts. The approach adopted by Mike is good to a great extent. He has simply categorized the programs and projects on the basis of their contribution to the companys business. According to Mike, any activity that is targeted towards the production of the new product in the market is to be treated as a program, whereas any activity other than the program, that is, which does not lead to the production of new products is to be categorized under project head. This is a simple and effective definition of the concepts provided by Mike. It becomes easier for the company's employees to quickly determine whether an activity is a program or project. The concept of bounding box to explain the elements of the program is yet again an effective tool to make the program and project managers understand the significance of association of stakeholders and sponsors in a program (Milosevic, Patanakul Srivannaboon, 2010). However, for any person who has worked somewhere else and where the conventional definition of project and program was used, it might be difficult for him to grasp the new definitions. It might be confusing for him due to his earlier understanding and way of doing work in the project and program management department. The current approach adopted by the company in explaining and differentiating between projects and programs is quite effective. It has clearly laid out the differences in terms of importance, their definition, the elements that are to be considered, alignment with the strategy, the significance of milestones, and other factors (Milosevic, Patanakul Srivannaboon, 2010). The director of program/project management has even explained different aspects of projects and programs by giving examples to new project manager. It has even differentiated the terms on the basis of the autonomy that is being provided to the project managers and program managers. The project managers are simply to get the required outcomes for a project within the time, cost and performance constraints. This is due to the fact that it is a part of the cost center and would not directly contribute to generating revenues for the company. However, the expectations from a program manager are higher, the program is expected to be completed considering the elements specified in the bounding box, the company can afford to sacrifice the scope and cost of the project, but not these elements. The nature of the success accomplished on the completion of programs and projects have also been effectively explained in the differentiation. The success of programs is considered to be important as it is actually a business success which is likely to bring more revenues for the company. This also gives it a priority in getting the resources and budgets allocation (Milosevic, Patanakul Srivannaboon, 2010). Moreover, many of the basis of differences is similar to the conventional point of differences, making this approach more agreeable. The approach adopted by the company for differentiation is wholesome and does not require any changes at least in the case of Megatronics. Portfolio Entry 2 Program Initiation James should select Early Birds, Ltd offer for installing the fire extinguishing systems. There are four concerns that James has to consider while placing the order, namely- total cost of an extinguisher, including installation cost, purchase cost, and maintenance cost, the safety features, ease of use, and ease of maintenance. The costing for the offer made by each company has been computed below: Particulars Fire Extinguisher Early Birds, Ltd. Xtra Care, Ltd Zebra Limited Pieces to be ordered (Total area/Spraying area) 200 80 100 40 A. Total Purchase cost 17,000 13,600 11,500 97,200 B. Total Installation cost 0 0 400 0 C. Total Maintenance Cost (Number of Pieces*per unit cost) 600 550 300 0 Total (A+B+C) 17,600 14,150 12,200 97,200 From the computation made above, it is apparent that the offer made by Xtra Care, Ltd is the optimal solution for the company, Mega security, followed by Early Birds, Ltd, Fire Extinguisher, and Zebra Limited. However, the project manager is required to consider the other factors also which includes the safety features, convenience to use, and maintenance. The safety features of the solutions offered are not provided for which it is assumed that all the fire extinguishing systems are safe while using the new premises. It is observed that the system by Xtra Care, Ltd is very difficult to use which rules out the option even if its costing is the lowest. Fire Extinguishers provides an easy option of using its system but with a higher total cost in comparison to Early Birds, Ltd (Milosevic, Patanakul Srivannaboon, 2010). In the context of maintenance cost, even though the cost would be a slightly higher in the upcoming years (605) for Early Birds, Ltd, the offer made by the company should be selected as the total cost is low, the system has a moderate degree of ease to use, and is safe for the installation. James can further negotiate the costs as Mega Security already has business relations with Early Birds, Ltd. Moreover, it would be delivered and installed with 30 days as a delivery lead time. Therefore, considering all the factors, it is suggested that James should opt for the offer made by Early Birds, Ltd. From a program perspective, this issue of selecting the best offer of fire extinguishing systems for Mega Security is likely to have a long-term impact on the entire organization (Springer, 2016). The primary base for taking this decision is to cater to the needs of all the departments in the company and ensure that the investment made by the company in the systems is profitable. It is advised that while taking any decision where different options are available, the managers are required to consider the major factors that can be the deal breakers. The managers need to prioritize the factors, on the basis of which the decisions are to be taken. The managers should make a log where all the considerations, alternative solutions, their costing and other essential factors should be recorded (Verzuh, 2015). This would help the management in making a comparison as to which alternative is serving the maximum considerations and would be most profitable for the company. Portfolio Entry 3 Program Stakeholder Engagement The case deals with the decision regarding the adoption of new TKS program for General Public Hospital (GPH). The company has to adopt new TKS program as the existing vendor for TKS sold his business to someone else. A new proposal has been presented by Julia Skown and her team which provides an estimated cost of the program as one million dollars and an estimated schedule of eighteen months (Milosevic, Patanakul Srivannaboon, 2010). However, with further research, her team came with an additional feature of new transaction inquiry feature. Incorporating the new feature is likely to further increase the cost of the project by $100,000 and delay in the installation of the TKS program by two months. The core values of the company revolve around providing quality products and services to its customers and focusing on the customers. It is advised that the executive team of the company should take the decision of implementing the new TKS program incorporating the new feature. Even though, the new feature would add to the cost and schedule of the program, but it would ensure more accuracy and better quality to the different customers (Milosevic, Patanakul Srivannaboon, 2010). Adoption of this advanced and improved TKS program would also bring other benefits for the company. This program is one of the advanced programs that the company would employ if decided. The new program with the transaction inquiry feature would have an advantage over the previously implemented TSK programs in terms of scheduling capability, reporting capability, robustness and various other additional features. From the viewpoint of the cost involved, as the program is a new generation product, it is likely to increase the efficiencies, which in turn, would decrease the part-time employees. It would be a user-friendly interface, which the customers can easily access (Milosevic, Patanakul Srivannaboon, 2010). Although it would be difficult for the management of the company to announce the decision of implementing the new program and convincing the customers for the delay in schedule, it is likely that the benefits that the customer would get with the usage of TSK program would outweigh the issues and resistance on the part of customers. It is, therefore, recommended that the executive team should take the decision for adopting the new feature in the TSK program and implement it in the organization. Portfolio Entry 4 Program Governance The concept of program strike zone relates to the implementation of a tool that is used by the managers in determining the progress of a program towards the accomplishment of expected results. This is done by identifying the key factors that are essential for the success of a program (Milosevic, Patanakul Srivannaboon, 2010). In terms of benefits, the program strike zone serves as an effective management and communication tool that enables the project managers to keep the project aligned with the projects goals and objectives throughout its lifecycle. It ensures that there is a proper and relevant flow of information between the executive management and the project team so that there is no surprise behavior and the contingencies are minimized (Milosevic, Martinelli Waddell, 2009). With the proper flow of information, the results indicate that the barriers and critical issues which may cause a delay in resolution and decision-making are eliminated. A program manager can identify at any point whether a program is aligned to the overall goals and objectives or not, if any misalignment is found, the manager can stop a program. Adopting the program strike zone brings a lot of advantages for the program managers and the organization for which it is implemented. The program strike zone makes use of the graphs and basic factors for indicating the progress of a program. It holds a high visual appeal and is simple in use, thereby making it user-friendly. It is flexible in terms of usage and is therefore considered as an effective control and management tool by both the program managers and senior managers (Milosevic, Martinelli Waddell, 2009). It is useful in bridging the gaps and differences that may arise in the program planning, strategic planning efforts and its execution within an organizational setting. It helps the program and senior managers to focus only on the key factors that are essential and would result in the success of the program. One of the most important advantages of program strike zone is that it allows an autonomy to the project team, especially the program managers to get the desired results. So far the results are achieved, the senior managers do not interfere with the working and management of the project; only the issues which are significant or are beyond the control of the team are brought to the notice of the senior management. It helps in setting the boundaries within which the team would work without the involvement of senior management (Milosevic, Martinelli Waddell, 2009). However, there are certain disadvantages of this program also. For example- non-involvement of the senior managers can make the project team lose their focus on the project. There are chances that if the project manager is not capable and competent, it would be a wastage of the organizational resources and efforts. Moreover, if the program strike zone includes too many critical factors that define success, it is likely that it loses its simplicity. From the perspective of program governance, the senior management may face challenges while implementing the program strike zone. Firstly, it is necessary that the boundaries and structure set by the program strike management meet with the processes and practices of the business. However, these processes are dynamic and require a constant change which makes it difficult to make changes in the program strike zone. Secondly, one of the major components of program governance is people who take up different roles in a program (Hanford, 2005). If such people are not skilled or competent, the zone system would not work. Program Theory In the practical scenario, even if it is difficult to clearly differentiate between programs and projects, the program management is considered to be a larger and scaled up form of project management. The programs are considered to cover those elements which are beyond the scope of individual projects consisted in a program. The statement mentioned above can be held true to a great extent. Program management is a wider concept in comparison to the project management. It includes management of a series of projects that are undertaken in an organization with a certain set of objectives that vary in the scope and scale (Milosevic, Patanakul Srivannaboon, 2010). It is basically management and control of a portfolio of multiple projects. It has a greater span in the project lifecycle, that is, it is an ongoing process that takes place in an organization. Usually, the project management has a shorter duration in comparison to the programs; each project is likely to have a fixed deadline by which it is deemed to be completed, which is not in the case of programs (Levin Ward, 2016). The program management requires strategic planning on the behalf of the senior managers and the project managers for setting the objectives and the course for achieving such objectives. Under the project management, the results of programs are linked to the organizations financial calendar. For example- the results of the programs are to be disclosed in the quarterly performances of the company. The projects are for a shorter duration and results of a single project are not likely to have an impact on the overall financial performance of the company. However, if these projects are combined in form of programs, it becomes significant for the organizations financial performance. Program management is a scaled up version of the project management and is governance intensive. As the results of programs are likely to impact the long-term financial performance of the company, they are usually governed by the senior management (Martinelli, Waddell Rahschulte, 2014). The senior managers are responsible for providing direction, objectives, overseeing the performance, and controlling the programs, which may not have been possible if individual projects were considered. The program managers ensure that the objectives framed by the senior board are achievable and any disputes occurring during the course of different programs are resolved. It allows the projects to be more governance intensive by being a part of the program management. As a program is a portfolio of different projects, its management, control, and budgeting become complex processes. The project management is concerned with revenues and costs which are crucial for the financial results of a company, making its management a difficult task (Sanghera, 2008). Moreover, the program management is governed and driven by the overall strategy of the company. Any changes in the market conditions, external environment, or the revision of business goals require changes to be incorporated in the program management process. Due to its large scale and wider scope, any changes that are proposed to be made requires executive leadership skills on the part of program managers as these changes would have to be made in individual projects also. Thus, it is appropriate to say that the program management is a scaled up form of the project management. References Hanford, M. (2005). Defining program governance and structure. Retrieved October 6, 2017, from https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/apr05/hanford/ Levin, G., Ward, J. L. (2016). Program Management Complexity: A Competency Model. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Martinelli, R. J., Waddell, J. M., Rahschulte, T. J. (2014). Program Management for Improved Business Results. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Milosevic, D. Z., Martinelli, R. J., Waddell, J. M. (2009). Program Management for Improved Business Results. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Milosevic, D., Patanakul, P., Srivannaboon, S. (2010). Case studies in project, program, and organizational project management. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Sanghera, P. (2008). Fundamentals of Effective Program Management: A Process Approach Based on the Global Standard. New York: J. Ross Publishing. Springer, M. L. (2016). Project and Program Management: A Competency-Based Approach, Third Edition. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. Verzuh, E. (2015). The Fast Forward MBA in Project Management. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons.

The Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay Example For Students

The Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay Merchant Venice EssaysThe Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Often, The character Shylock, in Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, is portrayed as a beastly monstrosity, with a lust for Antonios life. Through a more careful examination it can be determined that Shylock was an upstanding member of his community, who endured abuse, forgave easily, and upheld the customs and law. Shylock endured much of Antonios abuse, overt a long period of time. This can be seen by the sheer volume of disgraces he has bore. A good example is in Act 3 Scene 1, beginning with line 52: He hath disgraced me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies -Shylock Shylock had such a magnanimous spirit, that he even offered Antonio, who had abused him terribly, a loan, free of interest. Shylock was willing to loan money to one who totally ruined him in public, on terms that were nicer than his no rmal business terms. This kind, forgiving heart can be seen in Act 1 Scene 3 beginning with line 148: Why, look how you storm ! I would be friends with you and have your love, forget the names that you have stained me with, supply your present needs and take no doit of usance for my moneys, and youll not hear me! This is kind I offer. -Shylock Often, this quote from Act 3 Scene 1 line 83, Why, there, there, there, there! A diamond gone cost me twothousand ducats in Frankfurt! The curse never fell upon our nationtill now, I never felt it till now. Two thousand ducats in that andother precious, precious, jewels! I would my daughter were deadat my foot and the jewels in her ear; portraying Shylocks treatment of his daughter, after she ran away, is manipulated to make Shylock seem beastly. But, within the Jewish culture and the time period, his response was appropriate. After his daughter ran away, she was, for all intents and purposes, disowned. Thusly, the theft of his jewel s reduced her to the level of a thief, and so she deserved to be punished. Shylock is also an honest, law abiding citizen of Venice, before the very end. His great respect for law and order are shown in the following quotes from Act 4 Scene 1. Line 104: I stand for judgment Line 213: I crave the law Line 257: O Noble judge! Shylock the Jew, through a careful examination of The Merchant of Venice, is found to be an enduring, magnanimous, forgiving, and law abiding citizen of Venice. As opposed to his typical role as the wicked blood thirsty villain. We will write a custom essay on The Character of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now